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323 BC
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What happened on this land around c. 1500–1530 CE (Safavid founding and consolidation)?
Twelver Shi'ism become official religion, centralisation under the shahs, prolonged Safavid–Ottoman rivalry.
Rulers
Safavid Dynasty
1501–1736 CE
Ismail I founds the Safavid state, establishes Twelver Shi'ism as state religion, creating a distinct Iranian identity.
Battles
Battle of Chaldiran
1514 CE
Ottoman forces defeat Shah Ismail I — major Safavid–Ottoman battle shaping borders and future rivalry.